Category Archives: Testable Material for the CWE Exam

Wine Map of Tuscany via Federdoc. Suvereto DOCG is #4.

If you have never heard of the Suvereto DOCG, do not be too hard on yourself. At 185 acres/75 hectares, its vineyard acreage is super-small and at an annual total production of 4,080 cases, the region just screams “boutique.”

Nevertheless, the Suvereto DOCG is proudly Tuscan and one of Tuscany’s 11 DOCG regions (at last count). Located west of Siena and about 7 miles from the coast, Suvereto was formerly part of the shoreline-hugging Val di Cornia DOC. In 2011, it was spun-off as a red-wine only DOCG, focusing on “Super Tuscan” style red wines —Suvereto Rosso—made using any proportion of Cabernet Sauvignon and/or Merlot with an allowance (typical of Tuscan appellations) for up to 15% of other red grapes allowed for use in Tuscany. Varietally-labeled red wines—featuring Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, or Sangiovese—were also allowed.

• While all these wine styles remain approved by the Suvereto DOCG, in December of last year, the EU approved a revised set of standards that allow for an expanded list of grape varieties and wine styles to be part of the appellation. As such, the following styles of wine are now allowed to be produced under the Suvereto DOCG:
  • Varietal Cabernet Franc
  • Varietal Syrah
  • Suvereto Rosso produced using any combination of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sangiovese, Cabernet Franc, and/or Syrah.

In addition, the required assemblage for the original slate of varietally-labeled wines—Suvereto Cabernet Sauvignon, Suvereto Merlot and Suvereto Sangiovese—has been amended. The required percentage of each respective grape variety has increased from a minimum 85% to 100 %.

• The ageing requirements of Suvereto DOCG wines were not affected by this update and remain as follows:
  • In general: wines may not be released until June 1 of the second year following the harvest; this makes for a mandated age of approximately 18 months before release.
  • For reserva wines: Wines may not be released until January 1 of the third following the harvest; this makes for a mandated aging period of approximately 30 months before release. Of these, at least 18 months must be in oak and at least 6 months must be in the bottle.

We look forward to trying these “new Suvereto” wines!

References/for more information:

• Suvereto DOCG-Feb 2026
• Toscana – Federdoc – Wine Map of Tuscany via Federoc

Post authored by Jane A. Nickles…your blog administrator: jnickles@societyofwineeducators.org

The Entre-Deux-Mers AOC—located within Bordeaux and first approved as a white wine-only appellation back in 1937—has been going through a quiet revolution of late. We can trace this modernization trend back to August of 2023, when the appellation was approved for the production of red wines. While this was a substantial change in regard to the history of the appellation, in practice the area has always been heavily planted with red grapes, particularly Merlot.

In addition—in September of 2025—the appellation revised its standards to include mandatory lees aging for its white wines. The revised cahier des charges notes that lees aging is now required until (at least) November 15 following the harvest and stated that this was already an established practice in the area. At this same time, the regulations were revised to reflect the effect of lees aging on the finished wine as follows: “On first impression, they are usually refreshing, then generous and round. Lees contact during the making of white wines confers roundness and richness on the palate.”

More recently, the regulations were updated to include a more specific set of requirements as per the grape varieties and blending proportions—to include a maximum of 80% of any single variety. As noted in the cahier, “The purpose of this distinction is to strengthen the identity of the wines by enhancing the complexity of their aromatic profiles. Furthermore, by imposing this 80 % limit, the producer group for the designation wishes to avoid labelling the wines as single varietal. This new requirement is in addition to the rule that the wines must be made from at least two main grape varieties.”

Photo via: https://vignobles-lobre.com

The new standards concerning grape varieties are as follows:

• White Wines:
  • Principal varieties: Sauvignon Blanc, Sémillon, Muscadelle, and/or Sauvignon Gris
  • Accessory varieties: Colombard and/or Ugni Blanc
  • Limitations: The wine must contain at least two grape varieties, no single grape may comprise more than 80% of the blend, and accessory varieties are limited to a maximum of 30% of the total assemblage.

• Red Wines:
  • Principal varieties: Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Malbec (aka Côt), and/or Petit Verdot
  • Accessory variety: Carmenère
  • Limitations: The wine must contain at least two grape varieties, no single grape may comprise more than 80% of the blend, and accessory varieties are limited to a maximum of 30% of the total assemblage. (These are identical to the limitations for white wine.)

Entre-Deux-Mers has long been a widely distributed, popular style of Bordeaux and with these changes…it just keeps getting better!

References/for more information:

• Cahier des Charges Entre-Deux-Mers AOC January 2026

Post authored by Jane A. Nickles…your blog administrator: jnickles@societyofwineeducators.org

Map of Abruzzo via Federdoc. The new Casauria DOCG will encompass areas in the center of the province, inland from the town of Pescara

Wine geeks of the world, unite! Today is your lucky day! Italy has officially announced a new Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita for wine: Casauria DOCG. The application for this new appellation has been in the works for about two years, and on November 11 (2025), the EU made it official. The appellation is named for the Abbey of San Clemente a Casauria, built in the town of Pescara in 871 by Louis II, great-grandson of Charlemagne.

This is Italy’s 79th DOCG for wine to date, and the third for the province of Abruzzo (joining Colline Teramane Montepulciano d’Abruzzo DOCG and Tullum/Terre Tollesi DOCG). The area encompassing the new Casauria DOCG is situated in the foothills of the Apennines inland from the coastal town of Pescara. Vineyards must be located in areas that receive plenty of sun at elevations up to 600 meters/1,970 feet above sea level. The Casauria DOCG overlaps (and was formerly a sub-zone of) the Montepulciano d’Abruzzo DOC.

The Casauria DOCG is approved for dry red wines only. According to the standards of production, it typically shows an intense ruby red color, with younger wines having flecks of violet and older wines showing garnet around the edge. Young wines should show aromas of ripe red fruit and spice. Older wines, and those (optionally) aged in oak will show increased complexity and notes of wood.

• Other production standards for the Casauria DOCG include the following:
  • Grape variety: 100% Montepulciano
  • Minimum alcohol by volume: 13%; 13.5% for Riserva
  • Aging: The wine must be aged for a minimum of 18 months before being released to distribution.
    • Wines designated as Riserva must be aged for a minimum of 24 months, calculated beginning on November 1 of the harvest year.
  • Production, aging, and bottling must occur within the designated production zone.

Welcome to the world, Casauria DOCG! We can’t wait to find a bottle!

References/for more information:

• Casauria DOCG-Disciplinare Nov 2025
• Consortium for the protection of Abruzzo Wine
• Link to the consortium’s wine maps of Abruzzo

Post authored by Jane A. Nickles…your blog administrator: jnickles@societyofwineeducators.org

We’re just here to say good-bye.

News flash for French wine lovers and all students of wine! As of this month (October 2025), the Graves Supérieures AOC has been declassified by the INAO (Institut National de l’Origine et de la Qualité/French National Institute of Origin and Quality) and cancelled by the EU. To put it simply, the Graves Supérieures AOC is no more.

The Graves Supérieures AOC, established in 1937 and located in the southern reaches of Bordeaux’s Left Bank, originally allowed for the production of just one style of wine: sweet, botrytis-affected white wines containing the standard white grapes of Bordeaux.

Sweet white wine lovers—have no fear. These wines are still being produced and the parameters surrounding them have not changed. However, moving forward, they will be bottled under the Graves AOC. The Graves AOC will also continue to be approved for dry red wines and dry white wines.

• The requirements for sweet white wines (white wine with residual sugar) produced under the Graves AOC, as amended, include the following:
  • Allowed grape varieties: Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, and Muscadelle—grapes must be “overripe” and harvested by hand in successive selections, (Note: the cahier des charges mentions “mainly Sémillon” and the presence of botrytis with no further details.)
  • Minimum potential alcohol: 13.5%
  • The use of rectified grape must and chaptalization is allowed.
  • Minimum residual sugar: 34 g/l

These wines are intended to be “round, generous wines of a golden color with aromas of candied fruit.” Those of us who have been lucky enough to taste one will also say that they are complex, somewhat earthy, delicious, and a great match for pear-based desserts and blue cheese.

References/for more information:

• EU amendment – Graves Superieures declassified October 2025
• Graves AOC-declassified Graves Superieures

Post authored by Jane A. Nickles…your blog administrator: jnickles@societyofwineeducators.org

Photo via pagodetharsys.com

Spain’s Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, MAPA) has announced the approval of a new Denominación de Origen Protegida (PDO) for wine: the Vino de Pago Tharsys! As of October 2 (2025) the EU has also announced its approval of the new appellation. At last count, this makes for a new total of 28 vinos de pago for Spain.

The new appellation is located near the town of Requena, within the western portion of the region (comunidad autónoma) of Valencia. Vineyards and wine production were present in the area as early as the 16^th century. A large estate with seven houses, a flour mill, and extensive vineyard holdings was producing wine in the area until 1950. In 1998, new owners revived the vineyards and adopted the original name of the estate (Tharsys).

The Vino de Pago Tharsys is approved for the production of red (tinto), white (blanco), rosé (rosado), and quality sparkling wine (vino espumoso de calidad). The specific regulations for these wines are as follows:

• Tinto (red wine):
  • May be monovarietal Merlot, Cabernet Franc, or Bobal
  • May be a blended wine using any proportions of the following varieties: Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Bobal, Tempranillo, and/or Garnacha Tinta
  • These must be dry, full-bodied red wines with a minimum of 13% abv.

• Blanco (white wine)
  • May be monovarietal Albariño or Chardonnay
  • Must have a minimum of 11.5% abv

• Rosado (rosé)
  • May be produced using any of the following varieties: Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Bobal, Tempranillo, Garnacha Tinta, Albariño, Chardonnay, and/or Xarel-lo
  • Must have a minimum of 11.5% abv

• Quality Sparkling Wine (vino espumoso de calidad):
  • May be blanco (white) or rosado (rosé)
  • May be produced using any of the following varieties: Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Bobal, Tempranillo, Garnacha Tinta, Albariño, Chardonnay, and/or Xarel-lo
  • Must have a minimum of 10.5% abv

In 2015, the entirety of the Tharsys vineyards obtained an organic farming certification, and the estate is dedicated to wine quality, soil preservation, and the sustainability of the area’s natural environment.

Welcome to the world, Vino de Pago Tharsys!

References/for more information:

• EU Regulation – Tharsys PDO
• Pliego de Condiciones Pago de Tharsys
• Single Document-Vino de Pago Tharsys
• https://pagodetharsys.com/

Post authored by Jane A. Nickles…your blog administrator: jnickles@societyofwineeducators.org

Base Map via the TTB AVA Explorer

On September 29, 2025, the TTB (Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau) of the United States approved the Tryon Foothills American Viticultural Area (AVA). The new AVA is located in Polk County, North Carolina. While North Carolina now contains five complete AVAs and portions of two others, the new appellation does not include or overlap any previously established AVAs.

According to the original petition (first submitted in July of 2021), the distinguishing features of the Tryon Foothills AVA are primarily its topography and climate. These features are discussed below.

Topography: The Tryon Foothills AVA is located slightly east of the previously established Crest of Blue Ridge-Henderson County AVA. The new appellation is a region of low mountains and rolling hills perched along the eastern edge of Blue Ridge Mountains’ Inner Piedmont, with elevations ranging from 712 feet asl to 1,656 feet asl.

Base Map via the TTB AVA Explorer

Climate: This topography helps to create a “thermal belt” of warm nighttime temperatures, as nighttime cooling causes warm air that has accumulated in the higher elevations to sink and settle on the mountain slopes, resulting in a warm layer of air between two cooler layers (both above the below the thermal belt). As such, the Tryon Foothills AVA tends to be somewhat warmer than the surrounding regions.

When the Tryon Foothills AVA is brought into force—on October 29, 2025—the total number of AVAs in the United States will be 277. The area is home to three wineries and five commercial vineyards. The vineyards—covering a total of approximately 78 acres—are planted to a range of grape varieties (both vinifera and hybrid). The leading grape varieties include Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay, Petite Manseng, Cabernet Franc, Viognier, Muscadine, and Chambourcin.

Welcome to the world, Tryon Foothills AVA!

References/for more information:

• Establishment of the Tryon Foothills AVA-September 2025
• Petition-Tryon Foothills AVA

Post authored by Jane A. Nickles…your blog administrator: jnickles@societyofwineeducators.org

Photo via: Vinos de Jerez (www.sherry.wine)

As anyone who has been watching the news of the wine world knows, the Jerez-Xérès-Sherry Denominación de Origin (DO) has been undergoing a bit of a renaissance over the last few years. Recent updates to the classic wine region include a few newly-approved grape varieties in the wines of the region, a recently revised category of Sherry (Fino Viejo), and a long list of official sub-zones and smaller geographical units in the “fine print” of the appellation.

As of July 29, (2025), we have yet another new development in the regulations of the Jerez-Xérès-Sherry DO: unfortified wine. (Note: fortification refers to the addition of alcohol, typically grape spirit or wine spirit, to a wine for the purpose of increasing its alcohol by volume/abv.)

Until now, Sherry has famously been known as a fortified wine (also known as vino generoso or liqueur wine). While most Sherry will undoubtedly remain as a fortified wine, the new rules allow unfortified wines to be bottled under the auspices of the Jerez-Xérès-Sherry DO if they obtain a minimum of 15% abv (by natural means). The following types of Sherry may be bottled as unfortified wine (while the allowance for fortified styles remains): Fino, Amontillado, Oloroso, and Palo Cortado.

• According to the proposed amendment to the Pliego de Condiciones for the Jerez-Xérès-Sherry DO (submitted to the EU in 2022), the reasoning behind this change includes the following:
  • Due to the conditions brought about by climate change, the wines of the region often reach natural alcoholic strengths of close to or even above 15 % after the conclusion of primary fermentation.
  • The use of the traditional practice of asoleo (drying the grape bunches in the sun after harvesting) may provide the grapes (must) with the natural means to reach 15% abv via primary fermentation, reducing the need for fortification.
  • The absence of fortification has been found to have no impact on the organoleptic characteristics of the wines as described in the specification.

We’ll be on the lookout for more updates, and for unfortified Sherry to hit the shelves!

Note: This update also applies to the Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda DO.

References/for more information:

• EU Commission Implementing Decision-Unfortified Sherry-2025
• Revised Jerez-Sherry Pliego EU 2025

Post authored by Jane A. Nickles…your blog administrator: jnickles@societyofwineeducators.org

Map of Calabria via Federdoc. The new Cirò Classico DOCG will encompass the coastal areas of the Cirò DOC (#2)

Wine students of the world, heads up! Italy has officially announced a new Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita: Cirò Classico DOCG! The application for this appellation has been in the works for about three years, and on July 18 (2025), the EU made it official.

This is Italy’s 78^th DOCG wine to date, and the first for the region of Calabria. Cirò Classico DOCG is, in effect a well-aged and tightly regulated version of the red wines of the Cirò DOC hailing from that appellation’s most historic (Classico) vineyards.

Cirò Classico DOCG is approved for dry red wines only. According to the standards of production, it must appear “ruby red in color, with a tendency to turn garnet with age.” Aromas should be “intense and complex, with aromas of red fruit,” while the flavor should be “dry, full-bodied, harmonious, and lingering.”

• Other production standards for Cirò Classico DOCG include the following:
  • Vineyard Area: limited to the municipalities of Cirò and Cirò Marina, located along the coastal hills bordering the Ionian Sea
  • Grape varieties: minimum 90% Gaglioppo; up to 10% Magliocco and/or Greco Nero
  • Minimum alcohol by volume: 13%
  • Aging: The wine must be aged for a minimum of 36 months before being released to distribution; this age is to be calculated beginning on January 1 of the year following the harvest. Of the total aging period, a minimum of 6 months must occur in wood.
  • Production, aging, and bottling must occur within the designated production zone.

Welcome to the world, Cirò Classico DOCG! We can’t wait to find a bottle!

References/for more information:

• Disciplinare Ciro Classico DOCG In Italian
• EU Council Implementing Decision-Ciro Classicox
• Proposal to the EU-Ciro Classico DOCG
• Calabria, via Federdoc

Post authored by Jane A. Nickles…your blog administrator: jnickles@societyofwineeducators.org

Map via: consorziovinonobile.it/zonazione-en

Newsflash: twelve new pievi (zones) have been approved within Italy’s Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG. The update will be official as of the 2021 vintage, with the first pieve-specific wines hitting the shelves later this year.

This update was first announced several years ago and ratified within Italy as of February of this year. Finally, the EU granted their approval and published an updated disciplinare in the EU Journal on May 15, 2025. It’s now official all-around.

Located within Tuscany’s province of Siena, the Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG (established in 1980) is approved for dry red wines produced using a minimum of 70% Sangiovese grapes (known locally as Prugnolo Gentile). With this newly-approved amendment, the appellation now allows for three quality levels, each with increasingly stringent standards as to yield, alcohol levels, and aging (among other requirements). These three levels are: normale (an unofficial term but often used to refer to any wine without one of the two specific terms that follow), riserva, and pieve.

Logo via: consorziovinonobile.it/

For reference, here is a quick comparison of some of the appellation’s standards:

• Varietal composition:
  • Normale: Minimum 70% Sangiovese (Prugnolo Gentile)
  • Riserva: Minimum 70% Sangiovese (Prugnolo Gentile)
  • Pieve:  Minimum 85% Sangiovese (Prugnolo Gentile)
• Minimum alcohol by volume (abv):
  • Normale: 12.5%
  • Riserva: 13%
  • Pieve: 13%
• Maximum yield:
  • Normale: 8,000 kilograms of grapes per hectare
  • Riserva: 8,000 kilograms of grapes per hectare
  • Pieve: 7,000 kilograms of grapes per hectare
• Aging:
  • Normale: Minimum aging of at least two years; of these, at least one year must be in wooden containers
  • Riserva: Minimum aging of at least three years; of these, at least six months must be in the bottle
  • Pieve: Minimum aging of at least three years; of these, at least one year must be in wooden containers and at least one year must be in the bottle

The 12 pievi are based on the traditional parishes of Montepulciano, many of which date back to the 1700s. To use a specific pieve on label, the vines must be at least 15 years old and the wine must be made from grapes grown exclusively within the designated pieve.  The new pievi are as follows: Ascianello, Badia, Caggiole, Cerliana, Cervognano, Gracciano, Le Grazie, San Biagio, Sant’Albino, Sant’Ilario, Valardegna, and  Valiano.

We’ll be on the lookout for Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG labeled with a specific pieve to be released later this year!

References/for more information:

• EU Journal – Vino Nobile di Montepulciano May 2025
• Disciplinare Vino Nobile de Montepulciano 2025
• Website of the Consorzio del Vino Nobile di Montepulciano

Post authored by Jane A. Nickles…your blog administrator: jnickles@societyofwineeducators.org

Map via the Ontario Wine Regulation Authority

The West Niagara VQA (as defined by the Vintners Quality Alliance) has been approved as a regional appellation located within Canada’s Niagara Peninsula wine region. As such, it joins the previously approved regional designations of Niagara Escarpment VQA and Niagara-on-the-Lake VQA as the third regional appellation within the larger Niagara Peninsula VQA. These and other appellations in Ontario are defined and enforced by the Ontario Wine Appellation Authority.

The West Niagara VQA encompasses much of the vineyard area of the Niagara Peninsula located to the west of the city of St. Catharines and the Welland Canal. It contains several (previously approved) VQAs as sub-appellations. These include those within the regional Niagara Escarpment VQA (including Beamsville Bench VQA, Twenty Mile Bench VQA, and Short Hills Bench VQA), as well as Lincoln Lakeshore VQA, Creek Shores VQA, and Vinemount Ridge VQA.

The West Niagara VQA is a large area that includes rolling hills, steep cliffs, south-facing ridges, and the Lake Ontario shoreline. While the topography is diverse, the vineyards are collectively influenced by proximity to the Niagara Escarpment, the Niagara River, and Lake Ontario. Situated at 43°N latitude, the West Niagara Region enjoys an overall cool climate (somewhat moderated by Lake Ontario) along with a long growing season characterized by substantial sunshine.

The West Niagara VQA contains close to 40 wineries. The leading grape varieties include Riesling, Chardonnay, Vidal Blanc, Gamay, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, and Cabernet Sauvignon.

References/for more information:

• The website of the Ontario Wine Appellation Authority

Post authored by Jane A. Nickles…your blog administrator: jnickles@societyofwineeducators.org